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Difference- Pragmatics and Discourse Analysis, Anaphoric and Cataphoric References
Outline
- Introduction
- Difference
between Pragmatics and Discourse Analysis
- Differentiate between Anaphoric and Cataphoric references
Introduction
Discourse analysis is a technique for examining the organization of
texts or spoken phrases longer than one sentence while also considering the
sociolinguistic context in which they were produced. The study of pragmatics
focuses on how context affects meaning. The field of research assesses the link
between the interpreter and the interpreted as well as how human language is
used in social interactions.
Discourse analysis and pragmatics are
sister disciplines that share a tight relationship. Because both pragmatics and
discourse analysis examines how language is used in context and employ the
text's structure as a shared foundation for analysis. Apart from them, there is
a deviation in that their respective foci are different.
Difference between
pragmatics and discourse analysis
Drawing the line between pragmatics and discourse analysis depends on intention as well. Typically, a discourse analyst will explain things without using any non-linguistic aspects. However, a pragmatist frequently applies multiple spheres of human activity, such as the speaker's meaning or intention, to understand utterances.
Pragmatics, according to Birner, “uses discourse as data and seeks to
draw generalizations that have predictive power concerning our linguistics
competence.” It gives importance to the social principles and works from a
socio-cultural perspective on language usage to examine how the
principles of social behaviour are expressed. Cooperative Principles and
Politeness Principles are the dimensions of pragmatics. Discourse analysis, on the other hand, 'refers to an individual discourse, utilizing the findings of pragmatics theory
to shed light on how a particular set of interlocutors use and interpret
language in a particular context.' (Birner: 2013) It focuses on “the large chunks of language beyond the
sentence level” to study how these are organized and “how the social
transaction imposes a framework on discourse.” In short by using the text of
pragmatics and using the theories of pragmatics we can analyze discourses.
Differentiate
between anaphoric and cataphoric
references
Generally, anaphoric references indicate
anything that has already been discussed in the conversation or discourse.
For instance, Septimus went to the circus. He was tensed because it was closed. In the above
sentences, He refers to Septimus, and it refers to the circus.
In addition,
anaphoric reference
often uses the definite article ‘the’, because one of the functions of the
definite article is to indicate that something has already been mentioned.
Here is another example: She sits on the
chair and picks a handkerchief. The cloth looks pretty light in her hands
and it has a design of a dragon.
In the above statement,
both the cloth and it refer back to the handkerchief which is
used in the first sentence.
While a word or
phrase making a cataphoric reference is one that refers to something that will
be discussed later in the discourse or conversation.
For example; Although I
help him from time to time my friend complains that I do not stand for
him. In this passage, ‘him’ refers to my friend.
Here is another example, the cat was on the bench. I’d never see Mano and I did not intend to do this. In this sentence, the cat refers to the Mano.
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