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Data
Collection Tools
Data
Collection
The process of collecting and evaluating specific data is
known as data collection. It is used to evaluate the outcomes and to propose
(suggest) answers to pertinent queries. It focuses on learning more about a specific
topic, and additional information is gathered to test hypotheses that attempt
to explain a phenomenon.
Data Collection Tools
The devices and instruments used to collect data are referred
to as data collection tools. Consequently, several tools utilized for data
collecting include;1. Interviews
2. Questionnaires
3. Schedules
4. Observation
Techniques
5. Rating Scales
However, the first two tools (interviews and questionnaires) will be
our main focus, and a detailed description of these instruments will be
provided.
INTERVIEWS
The French word ‘entre voir’, which
means "to see each other," is the source of the English word
"interview."
Face-to-face interaction between two
people with the sole objective of gathering pertinent data for the study is
referred to as an interview. Additionally, interviews are frequently used in
qualitative research since they are a two-way method that allows for the
exchange of ideas and experience and particularly aids in overcoming the
majority of weaknesses.
Advantages of Interview
Ø Extensive analysis
Ø Knowledge of the past and future
Ø Awareness of distinctive qualities.
Ø It is feasible to encourage one another.
Ø Awareness of underlying emotional and
historical factors.
Ø Analyzing existing data.
Disadvantages of Interview
v Errors caused by the interviewee (low level of
intelligence or maybe emotionally unbalanced)
v Results could be impacted by the interviewer's
biases.
v Results could be impacted by the respondent
and interviewer's contrasting worldviews.
v Incomplete and biased research.
Characteristics of an Interview
Ø The interviewer can delve into incidental
circumstances and identify the problem's root cause.
Ø Dealing with small children and illiterate
people is appropriate.
Ø Cross-examination may be made possible by it.
Ø It aids the investigator in developing a
perception of the subject.
Ø It can cover delicate, private, and even
personal subjects.
Ø It is adaptable.
Ø Cross-examination allows for a more accurate
assessment of the interviewee's sincerity, openness, truthfulness, and insight.
Ø There is no opportunity for the respondent to
change his prior response.
Ø It can be used in survey methods, but it can
also be used in clinical, historical, experimental, and case studies.
Types of Interviews
There are many different kinds of interviews, but the
following are the most common.
(1) Structured Interview
Structured interviews can be conducted in a variety of ways.
For instance, over the phone, in person, online, via computer applications like
Skype, or via video call. It is surface level in terms of depth and is
typically finished quickly. It comes highly recommended for its quickness and
effectiveness.
(2) Unstructured Interview
It gives interviewees the freedom to react in their own words
and at their leisure. It is a thorough interview that enables the
researcher to gather a variety of information for a specific objective.
Although it takes more time, this method allows a
researcher to combine structure and flexibility.
(3) Personal Interviews
Chief Merits of the Personal
Interviews
ü It is possible to gather more
information, and that too in greater detail.
ü By using his abilities, the
interviewer can obtain a nearly perfect sample of the overall population.
ü Greater flexibility is possible
since, using this strategy, it is always possible to rearrange questions,
especially when conducting unstructured interviews.
ü Perfect observation techniques can
be used, and verbal responses to various queries can also be recorded.
ü Since there is no longer a problem
with missing returns, samples may be managed more successfully. Non-response is
typically still quite low.
ü Usually, the interviewer has some
degree of control over who will respond to the questions.
ü With the postal questionnaire
approach, this is not possible. Group talks are also possible if desired.
ü By adapting the interview's wording
to the interviewee's aptitude or educational level, misinterpretations of the
questions can be prevented.
Demerits of the Personal Interviews
o It is an extremely expensive
strategy, particularly when a sizable and broadly distributed geographic sample
is used.
o Both the danger of interviewer and
respondent bias and the hassle associated with monitoring and controlling interviewers
are still present.
o As a result, the data may turn out
to be insufficient for some respondents, such as significant officials,
executives, or members of high-income groups, who may be difficult to reach
using this method.
o This method takes a bit longer,
especially when there is a large sample and the responders must be recalled.
o The interviewer's immediate presence
may overwhelm the subject, sometimes even to the point where he provides
fictitious material to spice up the conversation.
o Interviewing can occasionally bring
systematic mistakes as well.
(4) Telephone Interviews
Advantages of Telephone Interviews
v It is more adaptable than the
mailing method.
v It is a rapid technique to get
information because it is faster than other methods.
v Compared to personal interviews, it
is less expensive; in this case, the cost per response is also reasonably low.
v Recall is straightforward, and
callbacks are quick and inexpensive.
v Compared to our mailing strategy,
there is a higher response rate, and non-responses are often quite a few.
v Responses are recordable.
v Interviewer has an easier time
outlining requirements.
v No field personnel are needed.
Disadvantages of the Telephone
Interviews
Ø Little time is given to respondents
for considered answers.
Ø Surveys are restricted to
respondents who have telephone facilities.
Ø Extensive geographical coverage may
get restricted by cost considerations.
Ø It is not suitable for intensive
surveys where comprehensive answers are required to various questions.
Ø Possibility of the bias of the
interviewer is relatively more.
Ø
Questions have to be short and to the point; probes
(investigations) are difficult to handle.
QUESTIONNAIRE
It is crucial to clarify that a questionnaire
does not constitute a survey but is a component of one (a survey is a process of data gathering involving various data collection methods,
including a questionnaire).
Additionally, three different types of questions—fixed-alternative,
scale, and open-ended—are employed on questionnaires.
Merits of the Questionnaire
o This process saves time.
o It encompasses a broad range of studies.
o It's excellent for reactions of a particular
kind.
Demerits of the Questionnaire
ü We only receive a small number of responses
this way.
ü No personal interaction.
ü greater likelihood of incorrect responses.
ü There is a higher likelihood of getting a
delayed response.
ü Occasionally, answers might not be legible.
ü In many situations, it might be useless.
ü We only receive a small number of responses
this way.
ü No personal interaction.
ü Greater likelihood of incorrect responses.
ü There is a higher likelihood of getting a
delayed response.
ü Occasionally, answers might not be legible.
ü In many situations, it might be useless.
Characteristics
of a Good Questionnaire
General guidelines for
question construction are as follows:
o Simple terminology
o Lucid ideas
o Free of bias
o Adequate possibilities
for answers
o Shorter inquiries
o Only one query at a time
o Positive statements
o Mathematics is not
required.
o Brief and distinct
reference periods
o
Avoid using the word "question"
Types of Questionnaires
The prominent categories of the questionnaire are
as follows;
(1) Open Ended Questionnaire
This type of question is a qualitative one. A final open-ended question that solicits comments and/or suggestions for improvements from respondents would be included in a perfect questionnaire.
It's possible that questions don't
always take the form of interrogative phrases, in which case the moderator or
the enumerator must explain the question's intent. Such a questionnaire is used
during focus group discussions. This form of the questionnaire has a significant
drawback in that it is challenging to statistically code or evaluate.
(2) Close-Ended Questionnaire
Most quantitative data-gathering activities employ this sort of questionnaire, also known as a structured or closed format questionnaire, in which respondents are only allowed to select one of the available multiple-choice responses.Furthermore, there is no set restriction on how many options should be provided in a multiple-choice format; the number can be even or odd. The convenience of conducting preliminary analysis is one of the key benefits of adding closed-format items to your questionnaire design. These inquiries are perfect for figuring out percentages and statistical information.
Additionally, there is very little
opportunity to learn more. Dichotomous (splitting into two distinct portions)
questions have the significant drawback of being unable to examine the
responses between yes and no, leaving no room for an intermediate view.
(3) Computer Questionnaire
(4) Telephone Questionnaire
(5) In-House Survey
(6) Multiple Choice Questionnaire
(7) Dichotomous Questionnaire
(8) Scaling Questionnaire
(9) Hand-Delivered Questionnaire
A key benefit of this kind is that the researcher will
clarify the questions if the respondents want them. The drawbacks include the
possibility of cost and time involved.
(10) Mixed questionnaire
Steps
Involved in Questionnaire Design
(1) Identify the scope of your research
Before developing the questionnaire's appearance, consider what it will
contain. Since this is the first step in generating the questionnaire, topic
clarity is significant. You can start the design process once
you are clear on the questionnaire's goal.
(2) Keep it simple
You
must use simple, understandable language when writing the questionnaire. If the
questions are not clear, the respondents might just select any response, which
would skew the information you gather.
(3) Ask only one question at a time
A
researcher might be tempted to add two identical questions, but doing
so could confuse your respondents or result in erroneous data, both of which
would lower the quality of the data you collect.
(4) Be flexible with your options
The
author of the survey must be adaptable when considering the respondents'
"option choice." The survey developer may have given respondents
options for answers that they didn't always wish to select. An "other"
option frequently keeps survey participants interested.
(5) It is essential to know your audience
A
researcher should be aware of his/her target demographic area. For instance,
submitting the questionnaire in any other language might result in lower
response rates and less accurate data if the intended audience is primarily
Urdu speakers. Your respondents could not understand something even while it makes sense to you. Avoid technical jargon and industry-specific language
that can confuse your responders and instead use straightforward language and
terminology that your respondents will comprehend.
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